THE EFFECT OF LEFT UNILATERAL FORCED NOSTRIL BREATHING ON CARDIO-VAGAL AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY.

Madhavan C, Rajesh Jeniton Fernando, Ravichandran Kandasamy, Subhasis Das

Abstract


Unilateral forced nostril breathing can influence the autonomic nervous system. The aim of the present study was to
evaluate the influence of left unilateral forced nostril breathing practice of 2 minutes for one week on the cardio-vagal
activity. The cardiovagal activity was studies before and after the breathing practices among 50 men in the age group between 18 and 30 years. The
battery of autonomic test performed was resting heart rate, E:I ratio, Valsalva ratio and 30:15 ratio for standing. Paired “t” test and Wilcoxon signed
ranked test was performed for parametric and non-parametric data respectively. All the autonomic tests reflected increased vagal activity which
were statically significant (p<0.001). Our study supports the hypothesis that by manipulating the nasal cycle the autonomic activity can be altered.
Further research in unilateral forced nostril breathing can help patients with dysautonomia.


Keywords


Unilateral nostril breathing; Autonomic function test; Valsalva ratio; Yoga breathing technique; Vagal tone.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Asakura, K., Hoki, K., Kataura, A., Kasaba, T., & Aoki, M. (1987). Spontaneous nasal oscillations in dog. A mucosal expression of the respiration-related activities of cervical sympathetic nerve. Acta Otolaryngol, 104(5-6), 533-538.

Atanasov, A. T. (2014). Length of Periods in the Nasal Cycle during 24-Hours Registration. Open Journal of Biophysics, Vol.04No.03, 4, doi:10.4236/ojbiphy.2014.43010.

Bernardi, L., Sleight, P., Bandinelli, G., Cencetti, S., Fattorini, L., Wdowczyc-Szulc, J., et al. (2001). Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: comparative study. Bmj, 323(7327), 1446-1449.

Bharshankar, J. R., Mandape, A. D., Phatak, M. S., & Bharshankar, R. N. (2015). Autonomic Functions In Raja-yoga Meditators. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 59(4), 396-401.

Bhavanani, A. B., Madanmohan, & Sanjay, Z. (2012). Immediate effect of chandra nadi pranayama (left unilateral forced nostril breathing) on cardiovascular parameters in hypertensive patients. Int J Yoga, 5(2), 108-111, doi:10.4103/0973-6131.98221.

Bhavanani, A. B., Ramanathan, M., Balaji, R., & Pushpa, D. (2014). Differential effects of uninostril and alternate nostril pranayamas on cardiovascular parameters and reaction time. International journal of yoga, 7(1), 60-65, doi:10.4103/0973-6131.123489.

Block, R. A., Arnott, D. P., Quigley, B., & Lynch, W. C. (1989). Unilateral nostril breathing influences lateralized cognitive performance. Brain Cogn, 9(2), 181-190.

Bojsen-Moller, F., & Fahrenkrug, J. (1971). Nasal swell-bodies and cyclic changes in the air passage of the rat and rabbit nose. J Anat, 110(Pt 1), 25-37.

Eccles, R. (1996). A role for the nasal cycle in respiratory defence. Eur Respir J, 9(2), 371-376.

Ewing, D. J., Campbell, I. W., Burt, A. A., & Clarke, B. F. (1973). Vascular reflexes in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Lancet, 2(7842), 1354-1356.

Ewing, D. J., Campbell, I. W., & Clarke, B. F. (1980). Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Ann Intern Med, 92(2 Pt 2), 308-311.

Friedell, A. (1958). Angina pectoris treated by relaxation and automatic attentive respiration. J Lancet, 78(1), 7-10.

Granat, M., Lavie, P., Adar, D., & Sharf, M. (1979). Short-term cycles in human fetal activity. I. Normal pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 134(6), 696-701.

Hasegawa, M., & Kern, E. B. (1977). The human nasal cycle. Mayo Clin Proc, 52(1), 28-34.

Ishii, J., Ishii, T., & Ito, M. (1993). The nasal cycle in patients with autonomic nervous disturbance. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 506, 51-56.

Kahana-Zweig, R., Geva-Sagiv, M., Weissbrod, A., Secundo, L., Soroker, N., & Sobel, N. (2016). Measuring and Characterizing the Human Nasal Cycle. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0162918, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162918.

Kleitman, N. (1982). Basic rest-activity cycle--22 years later. Sleep, 5(4), 311-317.

Kuo, C. D., & Chen, G. Y. (1998). Heart rate variability standards. Circulation, 98(15), 1589-1590.

Leon, D. F., Shaver, J. A., & Leonard, J. J. (1970). Reflex heart rate control in man. Am Heart J, 80(6), 729-739.

Naveen, K. V., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., & Telles, S. (1997). Yoga breathing through a particular nostril increases spatial memory scores without lateralized effects. Psychol Rep, 81(2), 555-561, doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.555.

Oliveira, R. S., Barker, A. R., & Williams, C. A. (2018). Cardiac Autonomic Function, Cardiovascular Risk and Physical Activity in Adolescents. Int J Sports Med, 39(2), 89-96, doi:10.1055/s-0043-118850.

Pal, G. K., Velkumary, S., & Madanmohan (2004). Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian J Med Res, 120(2), 115-121.

Prakash, E. S., Ravindra, P. N., Madanmohan, Anilkumar, R., & Balachander, J. (2006). Effect of deep breathing at six breaths per minute on the frequency of premature ventricular complexes. Int J Cardiol, 111(3), 450-452.

Pramanik, T., Sharma, H. O., Mishra, S., Mishra, A., Prajapati, R., & Singh, S. (2009). Immediate effect of slow pace bhastrika pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. J Altern Complement Med, 15(3), 293-295, doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0440.

Pstras, L., Thomaseth, K., Waniewski, J., Balzani, I., & Bellavere, F. (2016). The Valsalva manoeuvre: physiology and clinical examples. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 217(2), 103-119, doi:10.1111/apha.12639.

Raghuraj, P., & Telles, S. (2008). Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on autonomic and respiratory variables. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 33(2), 65-75, doi:10.1007/s10484-008-9055-0.

Rusak, B., & Zucker, I. (1975). Biological rhythms and animal behavior. Annu Rev Psychol, 26, 137-171, doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.26.020175.001033.

Schiff, B. B., & Rump, S. A. (1995). Asymmetrical hemispheric activation and emotion: the effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing. Brain Cogn, 29(3), 217-231, doi:10.1006/brcg.1995.1279.

Searleman, A., Hornung, D. E., Stein, E., & Brzuszkiewicz, L. (2005). Nostril dominance: Differences in nasal airflow and preferred handedness. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 10(2), 111-120, doi:10.1080/13576500342000329.

Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (1991). Lateralized rhythms of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Int J Psychophysiol, 11(3), 225-251.

Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. S., & Kennedy, B. (1993). The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on the heart. Int J Neurosci, 73(1-2), 47-60.

Singh, K., Bhargav, H., & Srinivasan, T. M. (2016). Effect of uninostril yoga breathing on brain hemodynamics: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Int J Yoga, 9(1), 12-19, doi:10.4103/0973-6131.171711.

Soane, R. J., Carney, A. S., Jones, N. S., Frier, M., Perkins, A. C., Davis, S. S., et al. (2001). The effect of the nasal cycle on mucociliary clearance. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci, 26(1), 9-15.

Stoksted, P. (1953). Rhinometric Measurements for Determination of the Nasal Cycle. Acta Otolaryngol, 43(sup109), 159-175, doi:10.3109/00016485309132516.

Taneja, I., Deepak, K. K., Poojary, G., Acharya, I. N., Pandey, R. M., & Sharma, M. P. (2004). Yogic versus conventional treatment in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized control study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 29(1), 19-33.

Taylor, J. A., Myers, C. W., Halliwill, J. R., Seidel, H., & Eckberg, D. L. (2001). Sympathetic restraint of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: implications for vagal-cardiac tone assessment in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 280(6), H2804-2814, doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.6.H2804.

Wada, N., Singer, W., Gehrking, T. L., Sletten, D. M., Schmelzer, J. D., & Low, P. A. (2014). Comparison of baroreflex sensitivity with a fall and rise in blood pressure induced by the Valsalva manoeuvre. Clin Sci (Lond), 127(5), 307-313, doi:10.1042/cs20130802.

Werntz, D. A., Bickford, R. G., & Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. (1987). Selective hemispheric stimulation by unilateral forced nostril breathing. Hum Neurobiol, 6(3), 165-171.

Yildirir, A., Kabakci, G., Akgul, E., Tokgozoglu, L., & Oto, A. (2002). Effects of menstrual cycle on cardiac autonomic innervation as assessed by heart rate variability. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol, 7(1), 60-63.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.